Why don't people recycle old smartphones?

The smartphone may prove to be the most enduring symbol of modern human invention. The microcomputers are now portals to entirely new worlds. They now have tiny artificially intelligent assistants inside of them. They've even gone to space. 

Smartphones have also played a part in harming impressionable youth, intensifying a mass mental health crisis, and exacerbating global pollution.  

According to the World Health Organization, global e-waste is the fastest-growing waste stream in the world. A record amount of e-waste, 62 million tons to be exact, leached pollutants, including lead and mercury, into the environment in 2022. Mobile phones, computers, and appliances make up the majority of electronics in landfills. The United States generated about 7.2 million tons of e-waste in 2022 and collected about half of it. 

Why aren't we recycling more?

You may have heard of the space race, and now the AI race, but have you heard of the rare earth mineral race? If not, now's the time. 

Most of the world's modern tech, including smartphones, is powered by just 17 metallic elements. They form powerful magnets, lasers, batteries, and more. They're abundant worldwide, but increasingly hard to mine. That production difficulty has led to political conflict as countries try to secure large rare-earth deposits — and to a sense of scarcity. When you toss away your phone or let it collect dust in a drawer, these rare-earths are stuck, too. It's basically the trapped-water theory, but for very small amounts of naturally occurring magnetic elements.

A 2026 CNET reader survey found that only 39 percent of people had recycled an electronic device — a 2024 YouGov survey put that number at only seven percent. About a third of U.S. adults cited uncertainty about recycling rules and programs for their reluctance, while about a fifth said they simply throw them in the garbage — dumping e-waste is illegal or regulated in 25 states. Yet another survey conducted by Allstate Protection Plans found that more than half of Americans kept their devices on hand purely as backups. 

That behavior creates its own set of issues. According to the United Nations' Global E-waste Monitor (GEM), the amount of e-waste far outnumbers rates of electronic recycling, and it's going up by 2.6 million tons every year. In 2024, five times as much e-waste was generated as was recycled tech. 

And it gets worse: For the amount of e-waste that is recycled, less than a quarter of it is properly collected and processed, often resulting in even more waste and pollution. Even if electronics are successfully broken down in the complicated recycling process, a single device only produces a small amount of rare-earths, which means we need a lot more devices in the recycling stream to make a difference.

All of that leads to this reality: Less than one percent of rare-earth element demand is met by recycling e-waste, leaving the majority of countries reliant on just a few powerful nations with large pools of rare-earth elements. We need to come up with a better system, quickly.  

For years, environmental activists have proposed a much easier solution: Simply stop buying so many new electronic devices. Refurbish programs have risen in popularity among tech companies, retail giants, and even the U.S. president, while Right to Repair advocates push for laws that will allow more individuals to extend the life of their personal devices. 

But even amid these trends, the number of participants needs to multiply tenfold to address the growing e-waste problem. 

While more than a third of Americans told Allstate Protection Plans they are likely to buy a used or refurbished device, only 18 percent actually went through with it. Young people, however, are much more likely to buy refurbished devices than older generations, according to Statista, even as they hoard older devices. About half of Gen Z said they'd choose used over new to save the planet. A resurgence in nostalgia for Y2K tech like iPods and cyberdecks — as well as a desire for "built to last" devices in a struggling economy — may help move the needle further.

Phones are our legacy, for better or for worse. What will you do about it?